Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah asked a question to President General Ayub Khan in 1964. She asked that American military aid to India was the talk of the town. And India would use this aid against Pakistan. "I want to know how it happened." America was your friend. Why did you lose this friend? Everyone living in the East and the West Pakistan wanted to get the answer to this question. This question came up in the early era of Ayub Khan when industrial development was fast taking place. Now it had become clear that this progress was due to Pakistan's support to America against Russia. In return Pakistan had secured economic aid from America. This aid was being spent on the construction of Tarbela, Mangla dams and many other projects. But the Indo-China war in 1962, changed the scenario. America turned its face on Pakistan and started to give military aid to India. On the one side, America was giving military aid to India on the other, India was annexing Kashmir to its territo
Abraham Lincoln was 16th president of the U.S. His reign was
between 18611865. He taught himself law and in 1836 passed the bar exam. He was
vocal opponent of slavery.
Abraham Lincoln was born on Feb. 12, 1809, near Hodgenville, Ky.,
U.S. His parents Nancy and Thomas Lincoln had only one-room cabin at that
point. Lincoln was mostly self-educated, apart from some schooling from
itinerant teachers of but 12 months aggregate. He persisted as a fanatical
reader and retained a lifelong interest in learning. Family, neighbors, and
schoolmates recalled that his reading included the King James Bible, Aesop's
fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe,
and therefore the Autobiography of Franklin.
As a teen, Lincoln took responsibility for chores, and usually gave
his father all earnings from work outside the house until he was 21. Lincoln
was tall, strong, and athletic, and have become adept at using an ax. He was a
lively wrestler during his youth and trained within the rough
catch-as-catch-can style (also referred to as catch wrestling). He became
county wrestling champion at the age of 21. He gained a reputation for strength
and audacity after winning a match with the renowned leader of ruffians
referred to as "the Clary's Grove Boys".
In 1830, his family moved to Macon County in southern Illinois, and
Lincoln got employment performing on a river flatboat hauling freight down the
Mississippi to New Orleans. After settling within the town of latest Salem,
Illinois, where he worked as a shopkeeper and a postmaster, Lincoln became
involved in local politics as a supporter of the Whig Party, winning election
to the Illinois state legislature in 1834.
Like his Whig heroes Clay and Webster, Lincoln opposed the spread
of slavery to the territories, and had a grand vision of the expanding U.S,
with attention on commerce and cities instead of agriculture.
Political life:
Lincoln won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1846
and commenced serving his term the subsequent year. As a congressman, Lincoln
was unpopular with many Illinois voters for his strong stance against the
Mexican-American War. Promising to not seek reelection, he returned to Springfield
in 1849.
Events conspired to push him back to national politics, however:
Douglas, a number one Democrat in Congress, had pushed through the passage of
the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), which declared that the voters of every
territory, instead of the federal, had the proper to make a decision whether
the territory should be slave or free.
On October 16, 1854, Lincoln went before an outsized crowd in
Peoria to debate the merits of the Kansas-Nebraska Act with Douglas, denouncing
slavery and its extension and calling the institution a violation of the
foremost basic tenets of the Declaration of Independence.
With the Whig Party in ruins, Lincoln joined the new Republican
Party–formed largely con to slavery’s extension into the territories–in 1856
and ran for the Senate again that year (he had campaigned unsuccessfully for
the seat in 1855 as well). In June, Lincoln delivered his now-famous “house
divided” speech, during which he quoted from the Gospels for instance his
belief that “this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half
free.”
Lincoln then squared off against Douglas during a series of famous
debates; though he lost the Senate election, Lincoln’s performance made his
reputation nationally.
Presidential campaign:
Lincoln’s profile rose even higher in early 1860, after he delivered
another rousing speech at New York City’s Cooper Union. That May, Republicans
chose Lincoln as their candidate for president, passing over Senator William H.
Seward of latest York and other powerful contenders in favor of the rangy
Illinois lawyer with just one undistinguished congressional term under his
belt.
In the election, Lincoln again faced Douglas, who represented the
northern Democrats; southern Democrats had nominated John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky,
while John Bell ran for the fresh Constitutional Union Party. With Breckenridge
and Bell splitting the choose the South, Lincoln won most of the North and
carried the body to win the White House.
He built an exceptionally strong cabinet composed of the many of
his political rivals, including Seward, Salmon P. Chase, Edward Bates and Edwin
M. Stanton.
Civil War:
After years of sectional tensions, the election of an antislavery
northerner because the 16th president of the us drove many southerners over the
brink. By the time Lincoln was inaugurated as 16th U.S. president in March
1861, seven southern states had seceded from the Union and formed the
Confederacy of America.
Lincoln ordered a fleet of Union ships to provide the federal Fort
Sumter in South Carolina in April. The Confederates fired on both the fort and
therefore the Union fleet, beginning the war. Hopes for a fast Union victory
were dashed by defeat within the Battle of Bull Run (Manassas), and Lincoln
involved 500,000 more troops as each side prepared for an extended conflict.
While the Confederate leader Davis was a West Point graduate,
Mexican War hero and former secretary of war, Lincoln had only a quick and
undistinguished period of service within the Black Hawk War (1832) to his credit.
He surprised many when he proved to be a capable wartime leader, learning
quickly about strategy and tactics within the early years of the war, and about
choosing the ablest commanders.
General George McClellan, though beloved by his troops, continually
frustrated Lincoln together with his reluctance to advance, and when McClellan
did not pursue Robert E. Lee’s retreating Confederate Army within the aftermath
of the Union victory at Antietam in September 1862, Lincoln removed him from
command.
During the war, Lincoln drew criticism for suspending some civil
liberties, including the proper of habeas corpus, but he considered such
measures necessary to win the war.
Emancipation Proclamation and Gettysburg Address
Shortly after the Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg), Lincoln issued a
preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which took effect on January 1, 1863,
and freed all of the enslaved people within the rebellious states not under
federal control, but left those within the border states (loyal to the Union) bond
.
Though Lincoln once maintained that his “paramount object during
this struggle is to save lots of the Union, and isn't either to save lots of or
destroy slavery,” he nonetheless came to take emancipation together of his
greatest achievements, and would argue for the passage of a constitutional
amendment outlawing slavery (eventually passed because the 13th Amendment after
his death in 1865).
Two important Union victories in July 1863–at Vicksburg,
Mississippi, and at the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania–finally turned the
tide of the war. General George Meade missed the chance to deliver a final blow
against Lee’s army at Gettysburg, and Lincoln would turn by early 1864 to the
victor at Vicksburg, Ulysses S. Grant, as supreme commander of the Union
forces.
In November 1863, Lincoln delivered a quick speech (just 272 words)
at the dedication ceremony for the new national cemetery at Gettysburg.
Published widely, the Gettysburg Address eloquently expressed the war’s
purpose, harking back to the Founding Fathers, the Declaration of Independence
and therefore the pursuit of human equality. It became the foremost famous
speech of Lincoln’s presidency, and one among the foremost widely quoted
speeches in history.
Abraham Lincoln Wins 1864 Presidential Election
In 1864, Lincoln faced a troublesome reelection battle against the
Democratic nominee, the previous Union General George McClellan, but Union
victories in battle (especially General William T. Sherman’s capture of Atlanta
in September) swung many votes the president’s way. In his second inaugural,
delivered on March 4, 1865, Lincoln addressed the necessity to reconstruct the
South and rebuild the Union: “With malice toward none; with charity for all.”
As Sherman marched triumphantly northward through the Carolinas
after staging his March to the ocean from Atlanta, Lee surrendered to Grant at
Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9. Union victory was near, and
Lincoln gave a speech on the White House lawn on April 11, urging his audience
to welcome the southern states back to the fold. Tragically, Lincoln wouldn't
live to assist perform his vision of Reconstruction.
Assassination:
On the night of Pan American Day, 1865 the actor and Confederate
sympathizer Wilkes Booth slipped into the president’s box at Ford’s Theatre in
Washington, D.C., and shot him point-blank within the back of the top. Lincoln
was carried to a boardinghouse across the road from the stage, but he never
regained consciousness, and died within the early morning hours of April 15,
1865.
Lincoln’s assassination made him a national martyr. On April 21,
1865, a train carrying his coffin left Washington, D.C. on its thanks to
Springfield, Illinois, where he would be buried on May 4. Abraham Lincoln’s
funeral train traveled through 180 cities and 7 states so mourners could pay
homage to the fallen president.
Today, Lincoln’s birthday—alongside the birthday of George
Washington—is honored on President’s Day, which falls on the third Monday of
February.
