Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah asked a question to President General Ayub Khan in 1964. She asked that American military aid to India was the talk of the town. And India would use this aid against Pakistan. "I want to know how it happened." America was your friend. Why did you lose this friend? Everyone living in the East and the West Pakistan wanted to get the answer to this question. This question came up in the early era of Ayub Khan when industrial development was fast taking place. Now it had become clear that this progress was due to Pakistan's support to America against Russia. In return Pakistan had secured economic aid from America. This aid was being spent on the construction of Tarbela, Mangla dams and many other projects. But the Indo-China war in 1962, changed the scenario. America turned its face on Pakistan and started to give military aid to India. On the one side, America was giving military aid to India on the other, India was annexing Kashmir to its territo
Banu
Ummaya is also known as Umayyad dynasty, was one of the powerful Islamic dynasty,
and was one of the powerful Islamic dynasty between 661-750 CE. Banu Ummaya was
headed by Abu Sufyan. It was a large merchant family of the Quraish tribe centered
at Makkah.
After
the assassination of Hazrat Ali(رضي الله عنه), the fourth Caliph of Islam. Amir Muawiya,
the governor of Syria became caliph and established the Umayyad caliphate. During
his reign Islamic power was transferred from Arab to Damascus (Syria).
The Umayyad caliphate expanded the Islamic Empire into one of the largest empires
in the history of the world. At its peak, the Umayyad caliphate controlled the Middle
East, parts of India, much of North Africa, and Spain. Historians estimate the Umayyad
caliphate had a population around 62 million people, which was nearly 30% of
the world’s population at the time.
The
Umayyad period was also critical in the development of Islamic architecture. The
Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, enlargement of Masjid-un- Nabvi, also
significant mosques in Damascus are some examples of the great architecture. None
of the remaining Marwani caliphs enjoyed large reigns except for Hisham, who
ruled from 724-744. During his period, the Muslims expanded out of Spain and
into France until their advance was finally stopped by the franks in 736.
When
Hisham died in 743, the empire collapsed into a series of rebellions mostly by
disaffected non- Arabs and by the Kharijites. It was one such rebellious group,
the ‘Abbasids’ that would finally overthrow the dynasty. The Abbasids were
descendants of al-Abbas, the paternal uncle of Hazrat Muhammad (صلى الله عليه وسلم).
Like
the followers of Hazrat Ali and the Kharijites, the Abbasids believed that the
spirit of Islam had been betrayed by secular-minded Umayyads, as relatives of
Muhammad (SAW), their pietism had a concrete character to it. It was when the ‘Abbasids’
allied themselves with the aids that the death knell of Umayyad power was
sounded with their combined forces, they defeated the last of the Marwani
caliphs, Marwan II, who was later murdered. The leader of the Abbasids, Abu I-
Abbas, went about systematically and ruthlessly killing as many Umayyads as he
could find.
Abu
Sufyan, Muawiya I, Marwan I, abd al – Malik, Hisham ibn abd-al- Malik, Marwan
II and Hazrat Umar bin Abdul Aziz were the famous rulers of the Umayyad dynasty.
Abdul
Rahman, I was one of the only members of the Umayyad family to escape execution
after the battle of great Zab River, Abd al- Rehman I established himself as a
Muslim ruler in Spain.
Sindh
was also conquered in Umayyad Dynasty from Muhammad bin Qasim under Hujaj bin Yousef.
